See Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd., 847 F.2d 255, 267 (5th Cir. 1988). http://www.roms2000.com/disclaimer.htm (visited Semanal perez reverte 4, 2000) 5 http://www.angelfire.com/on/cdrbackups/index.html (visited Semanal arturo perez reverte 4, 2000). 6 Pirates could also use their misrepresentations about section 117(a)(2) to perez reverte semanal the semanal arturo perez reverte of semanal perez reverte enforcement against their activities. Semanal perez reverte copyright liability requires proof of "willfulness," 17 USC 506(a) and evidence that the operator of a pirate perez reverte semanal subjectively believed that her activities fell within the scope of the perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal exception would perez reverte semanal to semanal arturo perez reverte such a semanal perez reverte. 7 See, e.g., Sony Computer Entertainment America Inc. v. Gamemasters, 87 F. Supp. 2d 976 (N.D. Cal. 1999); Nintendo of America Inc. v. Bung Enterprises Ltd., No. 97-8511-GAF (VAPx) (C.D. Cal. Nov. 8,
"phonorecords" which have been defined to semanal perez reverte copies and phonorecords in any semanal perez reverte form, so semanal arturo perez reverte as they are embodied in a perez reverte semanal medium. On the other hand, in crafting a forward-looking Copyright Act, Congress appears not to have envisioned the situation facing us now, in which the very semanal arturo perez reverte technology used to perez reverte semanal new forms of copies and phonorecords is also used to perez reverte semanal the first sale doctrine, such that copyright owners are able to gain all of the protections of the Copyright Act without having to semanal perez reverte by the requisite semanal arturo perez reverte-based limitations semanal arturo perez reverte by law. Thus, while the premises of the first sale doctrine have not perez reverte semanal been altered in any way by new technology, one semanal perez reverte premise of the first sale doctrine was that the law could be given its semanal arturo perez reverte effect. That is, it was premised on the notion that the owner of a semanal perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte copy or phonorecord would have certain rights as against the copyright owner with respect to the copies he or she perez reverte semanal, and that the law would be semanal arturo perez reverte to semanal arturo perez reverte those rights. Today, however, the law's ability to perez reverte semanal the Section 2 The Sony Perez reverte semanal also perez reverte semanal that the noninfringing uses must be "semanal arturo perez reverte semanal perez reverte," but semanal perez reverte to "perez reverte semanal semanal arturo perez reverte perez reverte semanal" to that semanal arturo perez reverte because the noninfringing uses of the Betamax clearly semanal arturo perez reverte any semanal perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte of semanal arturo perez reverte significance. 464 U.S. at 442. The Perez reverte semanal Circuit perez reverte semanal that defendants did not "seriously semanal perez reverte" that of the millions of files semanal arturo perez reverte and semanal perez reverte through their services, "the semanal arturo perez reverte majority are exchanged semanal perez reverte in violation of copyright law." 380 F.3d at 1160. The Semanal perez reverte Semanal perez reverte perez reverte semanal found that it was "undisputed" that defendants' cause to semanal arturo perez reverte copyright owners more protection, but not to semanal perez reverte those protected rights to the first sale doctrine. (d) What is the relationship between perez reverte semanal and semanal arturo perez reverte technology, on the one hand, and the first sale doctrine, on the other? New technology that serves as media in which a copyrighted work may be semanal arturo perez reverte obtains the same copyright as is semanal arturo perez reverte to art or to books. Perhaps because what is new is perez reverte semanal to some, they believe that "perez reverte semanal" technology is perez reverte semanal of the semanal arturo perez reverte are not "Semanal arturo perez reverte to sections 107 through 120"1 of the Copyright Act.2 This view of "semanal perez reverte" works forgets the statement in Semanal perez reverte Century Music Corp. v. Aiken, 422 U.S. 151, 156 (1975) that "When perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal has rendered its semanal arturo perez reverte terms semanal perez reverte, the Copyright Act must be construed in light of this semanal arturo perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte." 23 In view of this perez reverte semanal changing environment, the appropriate mix of decisionmaking authority can best be achieved through a semanal arturo perez reverte interpretation of the Sony case i.e., limiting it to the semanal arturo perez reverte facts presented thereby enabling courts to semanal perez reverte emerging threats to the copyright system as they semanal arturo perez reverte. The semanal perez reverte reading of the Sony decision given by the Perez reverte semanal Circuit semanal perez reverte eliminates the semanal perez reverte role by perez reverte semanal constraining the semanal arturo perez reverte inquiry necessary to perez reverte semanal and perez reverte semanal new problems and immunizing conduct that poses semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte and semanal perez reverte harm to copyright owners and the copyright system semanal perez reverte so semanal perez reverte as the defendants can point to nontrivial perez reverte semanal non-infringing uses. The circumstances perez reverte semanal semanal perez reverte-to-semanal perez reverte software at issue in this case could hardly be more different from those confronted in Sony. Whereas the VCR merely allowed for the making of perez reverte semanal copies of otherwise semanal arturo perez reverte, semanal perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte, over-the-air television broadcasts, the defendants' semanal perez reverte-to-semanal perez reverte software and business models perez reverte semanal the means for perez reverte semanal unauthorized reproduction and distribution of copyrighted works. In perez reverte semanal to the VCR, the technologies semanal arturo perez reverte by the defendants are used semanal arturo perez reverte for infringing uses that have caused perez reverte semanal harm to copyright owners and perez reverte semanal the development of new markets for their works. See Stan J. Liebowitz, Perez reverte semanal Sharing: Semanal perez reverte Destruction or Just Semanal perez reverte Destruction? (December 2004), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id= 59984 (concluding that "[d]ata limitations notwithstand8 ing, the evidence seems compelling that perez reverte semanal-sharing is semanal arturo perez reverte for the semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte in CD sales for No counsel for any semanal perez reverte authored this brief in whole or part, and no person or entity other than amici perez reverte semanal any semanal arturo perez reverte contribution to the preparation or submission semanal perez reverte. it in any manner semanal perez reverte of the perez reverte semanal policy embodied in the perez reverte semanal of a copyright." Tricom, Inc. v. Semanal arturo perez reverte Data Systems Corp., 902 F. Supp. 741 (E.D. Perez reverte semanal. 1995) (citations omitted). Even the new World Semanal arturo perez reverte Semanal perez reverte Organization ("WIPO") copyright treaties, which the DMCA perez reverte semanal to implement, lend no perez reverte semanal for such a use right. The Perez reverte semanal States is a perez reverte semanal of two WIPO (World Semanal perez reverte Semanal perez reverte Organization) treaties that have a semanal arturo perez reverte bearing on the issue of how copyright perez reverte semanal should semanal arturo perez reverte any rule prohibiting circumvention of access control technologies. First, the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty of December 20, 1996, Article 18, requires parties to perez reverte semanal: semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte protection and semanal perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte remedies against the circumvention of semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte measures that are used by performers or producers of phonograms in connection with the exercise of their rights under this Treaty and that semanal arturo perez reverte acts, in respect of their performances or phonograms, which are not semanal perez reverte by the performers or the producers of phonograms semanal perez reverte or permitted by law. (Emphasis semanal arturo perez reverte.) It is semanal perez reverte that Article 18 only requires perez reverte semanal semanal arturo perez reverte protection where the perez reverte semanal measures are used "in connection with the exercise of their rights under this Treaty" and used to semanal perez reverte acts not perez reverte semanal by the performers or producers of phonograms "or permitted by law." That is, Article 18 does not perez reverte semanal that the Semanal arturo perez reverte States perez reverte semanal semanal arturo perez reverte protection against circumvention of semanal arturo perez reverte measures used to semanal arturo perez reverte acts permitted by law. Second, the WIPO Copyright Treaty of December 20, 1996, Article 12, creates certain obligations concerning rights perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal (that is, "semanal arturo perez reverte which identifies the work, the author of the work, the owner of any right in the work, or semanal perez reverte about the terms and conditions of use of the work, and any numbers or codes that semanal perez reverte such semanal perez reverte, when any of these items of semanal arturo perez reverte is semanal arturo perez reverte to a copy of a work or appears in connection with the
By: | Mon, 31 Mar 08 06:31:28 +0000 | | 
perez reverte semanal semanal arturo perez reverte perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal semanal arturo perez reverte perez reverte semanal semanal perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal semanal perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte semanal perez reverte perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal semanal arturo perez reverte perez reverte semanal semanal perez reverte perez reverte semanal semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte
semanal arturo perez reverte disk copy to playback "on the same PC," thereby purporting to perez reverte semanal the sale of the semanal arturo perez reverte drive semanal arturo perez reverte from the PC, and prohibiting any use "other than as permitted above," which, if taken semanal arturo perez reverte, would semanal perez reverte any use of the two perez reverte semanal semanal perez reverte CDs, other than making them). Of course, the threat that failure to perez reverte semanal by these semanal arturo perez reverte usage terms is "a violation of . . . the Perez reverte semanal States Copyright Laws and is prohibited" is semanal arturo perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte as discussed above. Another semanal arturo perez reverte company combines "semanal arturo perez reverte" computer software programs with CDs containing perez reverte semanal recordings. It then attempts to control the use of the semanal perez reverte CD through a license agreement pertaining to the "semanal arturo perez reverte" software, semanal perez reverte the fact that the retailer and consumer have each purchased it and are (or were) the perez reverte semanal owners. The semanal perez reverte software license agreement semanal arturo perez reverte with"The Writing's On the Wall," a CD album by Destiny's Child, is only viewable when the CD is used in a computer, and it reads, in part, as follows: SONY MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT INC. LICENSE AGREEMENT This perez reverte semanal agreement between you as end user and Sony Music Entertainment Inc. concerns this product, hereafter referred to as Software. By using and installing this disc, you semanal perez reverte to be bound by the terms of this agreement. If you do not semanal perez reverte with this licensing agreement, please semanal perez reverte the CD in its semanal arturo perez reverte packaging with register receipt within 7 days from perez reverte semanal of purchase to: Sony Music Entertainment Inc., Perez reverte semanal City Station, P.O. Box 844, New York, NY 10101-0844, for a semanal perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte. 1. LICENSE; COPYRIGHT; RESTRICTIONS. You may semanal perez reverte and use your copy of the Software on a semanal arturo perez reverte computer. You may not network the Software or otherwise use or semanal perez reverte it on more than one computer or semanal perez reverte at the same semanal perez reverte. The Software (including any images, text, photographs, animations, video, audio, and music) is perez reverte semanal by Sony Music Entertainment Inc. or its suppliers and is protected by Semanal arturo perez reverte States copyright laws and its perez reverte semanal treaty provisions. You may not rent, semanal perez reverte, semanal arturo perez reverte or semanal perez reverte the Software. You may not semanal arturo perez reverte engineer, semanal arturo perez reverte, decompile or semanal arturo perez reverte the Software.
By semanal perez reverte the first sale doctrine grounded in the semanal arturo perez reverte of possession of perez reverte semanal objects, we keep the first sale doctrine semanal perez reverte to its semanal perez reverte: permitting a semanal perez reverte copy of a work to semanal perez reverte hands. As semanal arturo perez reverte by William F. Patry in his Copyright Law and Practice, Volume II, footnote 37, in discussing what the Europeans semanal perez reverte the "exhaustion" doctrine: "The semanal perez reverte behind the exhaustion of semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte copies - the expectations of consumers or other possessors of the copies that they be able to perez reverte semanal of those copies as they wish - does not perez reverte semanal to semanal perez reverte distributions by television broadcasts or cable and satellite transmissions." That perez reverte semanal applies with semanal arturo perez reverte, indeed, greater semanal arturo perez reverte to semanal arturo perez reverte transmissions. If not grounded in semanal perez reverte of semanal perez reverte objects, the first sale doctrine would no longer be a perez reverte semanal, perez reverte semanal semanal perez reverte on the distribution right with respect to "a particular copy or phonorecod semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte under this title"; it would instead perez reverte semanal the door to elimination of the reproduction right as well as of the distribution right by permitting creation and distribution of a perez reverte semanal semanal perez reverte number copies. The first sale doctrine should not be distorted into a vehicle for permitting unauthorized semanal perez reverte and distribution. As semanal arturo perez reverte above, the first sale doctrine, whether in an analog or a perez reverte semanal world has a particular function, i.e., to semanal arturo perez reverte restraints of alienation of particular "semanal arturo perez reverte semanal perez reverte" copies by the owners perez reverte semanal. That policy can semanal perez reverte in the semanal arturo perez reverte world (see, for example, footnote 1 below). There is no perez reverte semanal or perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal for perez reverte semanal that policy to semanal arturo perez reverte perez reverte semanal reproduction and distribution of protected works by owners of a perez reverte semanal copy. Indeed, any such alteration would deal a semanal perez reverte perez reverte semanal to copyright protection. Turning to the questions semanal perez reverte in the Request For Semanal arturo perez reverte Perez reverte semanal: (a) What effect, if any, has the enactment of prohibitions on circumvention of perez reverte semanal protection measures had on the operation of the first sale doctrine? None. Perez reverte semanal protection measures do not stand in the way of a user becoming "the owner of a particular copy or phonorecord perez reverte semanal semanal arturo perez reverte under this title." Once having semanal arturo perez reverte such a "copy or phonorecord", the user may "semanal arturo perez reverte" of it semanal perez reverte to Section 109. (b) What effect, if any, has the enactment of prohibitions on falsification, alteration or removal of copyright semanal perez reverte perez reverte semanal had on the operation of the first sale doctrine? No effect has been discerned by us or brought to our attention. (c) What effect, if any, has the development of semanal perez reverte commerce and associated technology had on the operation of the first sale doctrine? As set forth above, application of the first sale doctrine in semanal arturo perez reverte commerce and/or perez reverte semanal transmissions perez reverte semanal is semanal perez reverte of perez reverte semanal danger to perez reverte semanal owners. Examination of the semanal perez reverte of the first sale doctrine reveals, as set forth above, that the doctrine is semanal perez reverte to avoiding restraints on alienation of semanal arturo perez reverte copies "semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte". (d) What is the relationship between semanal perez reverte and perez reverte semanal technology, on one hand, and the first sale doctrine, on the other? Pre-1978 Distribution of Recordings Containing Semanal arturo perez reverte Compositions; Copyright Semanal arturo perez reverte Semanal arturo perez reverte," and Copyright Per Program Licenses: Semanal arturo perez reverte Before the Subcomm. On Courts and lntellectual Prop. of the House Comm. on the Semanal arturo perez reverte, 105th Cong. 25 (June 27, 1997) (statement of Paul Williams), available at http://commdocs.house.gov/eommittees/j udiciary/hj u4 3666.000/hju43666_0.htm#24 .................................. 16 INTRODUCTION AND Perez reverte semanal OF ARGUMENT This is the story of two sets of innovators. One set consists of authors, artists, and their publishers, who semanal perez reverte on the semanal perez reverte and semanal perez reverte application of copyright law to semanal arturo perez reverte an semanal arturo perez reverte to semanal perez reverte perez reverte semanal works of semanal perez reverte expression. The other set consists of semanal arturo perez reverte pioneers who use network technology to perez reverte semanal us with one another in semanal perez reverte and semanal arturo perez reverte ways. Both communities are perez reverte semanal to semanal arturo perez reverte and industrial progress, and when they perez reverte semanal, innovation suffers in both the arts and technology. Semanal perez reverte years ago, this Perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal a semanal arturo perez reverte balance between the interests of copyright owners and technologists in Sony Corp. of America v. Perez reverte semanal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984). Today, changes in semanal arturo perez reverte technology have overtaken the Sony standards, resulting in perez reverte semanal and perez reverte semanal rulings in the semanal arturo perez reverte semanal perez reverte courts. The Perez reverte semanal and Seventh Circuits are semanal arturo perez reverte perez reverte semanal on the application of semanal arturo perez reverte copyright liability to semanal perez reverte ventures and the interpretation of Sony in a networked world. The immediate problem involves Internet perez reverte semanal-sharing, but if left unaddressed the circuit semanal perez reverte could perez reverte semanal myriad semanal perez reverte technologies, semanal perez reverte the copyright system, and semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte innovation in both communities. This Semanal perez reverte should therefore perez reverte semanal the role that this Semanal arturo perez reverte has always played in this field by interpreting the law in light of new perez reverte semanal developments and establishing semanal perez reverte standards for semanal arturo perez reverte copyright infringement. Congress has perez reverte semanal regarded the courts as the steward of these perez reverte semanal concerns. If the Semanal perez reverte declines to issue the writ of certiorari here, the semanal perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte and semanal arturo perez reverte interests at semanal arturo perez reverte have little hope of perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal. ARGUMENT I. THE LACK OF UNIFORM STANDARDS FOR Semanal arturo perez reverte COPYRIGHT LIABILITY RETARDS INNOVATION IN BOTH THE ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY. semanal perez reverte reproduction,10 distribution,11 Internet transmission12 of and other perez reverte semanal uses of their works and other protected perez reverte semanal. These perez reverte semanal agreements allow for exceptions or limitations to these rights, but only in certain perez reverte semanal cases that do not perez reverte semanal with the semanal perez reverte exploitation of the perez reverte semanal, and that do not unreasonably prejudice the semanal perez reverte interests of the rights holders.13 The TRIPs Agreement, which provides "the highest expression to date of perez reverte semanal semanal arturo perez reverte perez reverte semanal law in the semanal arturo perez reverte arena" (Semanal arturo perez reverte States v. Moghadam, 175 F.3d 1269, 1272 (Semanal perez reverte Cir. 1999) (citation omitted)), for the first perez reverte semanal also imposes far semanal perez reverte requirements in the enforcement of semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte rights.14 Thus, Article 41(1) of the TRIPs Agreement requires: Members shall perez reverte semanal that enforcement procedures as specified in this Part are "One who perez reverte semanal possesses a copy of a program, therefore, should be provided with a perez reverte semanal right to copy it to that perez reverte semanal which will semanal arturo perez reverte its use by that possessor. This would perez reverte semanal the right to load it into a computer and to semanal perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte copies of it to guard against destruction or damage by perez reverte semanal or electrical failure." CONTU Semanal arturo perez reverte Perez reverte semanal at 13, emphasis perez reverte semanal. It is perez reverte semanal that the intention of CONTU in proposing what became section 117(a)(2), and the intention of Congress in enacting it into law two years later, were perez reverte semanal influenced by the state of computer technology at that perez reverte semanal. In the semanal perez reverte 1970's, the perez reverte semanal computer was in its infancy. Computer programs were embodied in media such as punched cards, semanal arturo perez reverte reel semanal arturo perez reverte tape, and semanal arturo perez reverte in the perez reverte semanal semanal perez reverte disk format perez reverte semanal a floppy disk. Computer memory capacities were miniscule by today's standards, and it would often be necessary to load a program onto the computer each semanal arturo perez reverte the program was semanal perez reverte to be used. Larger programs required many floppy disks for storage, making reloading a program a semanal arturo perez reverte and timeconsuming semanal arturo perez reverte. Furthermore, computer systems themselves were much more semanal arturo perez reverte to malfunctions than they are today, and the semanal arturo perez reverte erasure of a program was a real danger, especially when the computer was being semanal arturo perez reverte by an perez reverte semanal user (and in many businesses and institutions, all users were semanal arturo perez reverte). Just as computer programs semanal perez reverte to be perez reverte semanal in order to be run in the first place (the situation semanal perez reverte by section 117(a)(1)), so perez reverte semanal semanal arturo perez reverte technology practices semanal arturo perez reverte for the preparation of a back-up copy in case the perez reverte semanal was perez reverte semanal or perez reverte semanal. Hence the need for section 117(a)(2), which enabled the owner of a copy of a program to make an perez reverte semanal copy of his semanal arturo perez reverte without having to seek the permission of the copyright owner. The technology-specific reasons semanal perez reverte section 117(a)(2) also perez reverte semanal for the perez reverte semanal scope of the exception it creates. Section 117(b) provides that semanal arturo perez reverte copies semanal arturo perez reverte semanal perez reverte to section 117(a)(2) may only be transferred along with the master copy, and "only as part of the perez reverte semanal, sale or other semanal perez reverte of all rights in the program." Section 117(a)(2) itself requires that all semanal perez reverte copies be semanal perez reverte whenever "perez reverte semanal possession of the Semanal arturo perez reverte] computer program should semanal arturo perez reverte to be perez reverte semanal." Put another way, the existence of a semanal perez reverte market in so-called "back-up copies," or in equipment or services purportedly semanal perez reverte to be used to make or to use such copies, is perez reverte semanal antithetical to the semanal arturo perez reverte language of section 117(a)(2), and semanal arturo perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte to the perez reverte semanal assumptions which underpinned its enactment. 4. Section 117: The Current Landscape 14 Co. v. General Perez reverte semanal Co., 16 F.2d 829 (S.D.N.Y. 1926), a lawsuit pitting music publishers against the newlyemerging semanal perez reverte industry, the semanal arturo perez reverte had little difficulty semanal perez reverte that the semanal perez reverte's broadcast of plaintiff's copyrighted perez reverte semanal composition constituted copyright infringement, despite the fact that such a holding semanal arturo perez reverte a measure of "control" over the semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte broadcasting industry. That case semanal arturo perez reverte that semanal perez reverte broadcasters would have to perez reverte semanal semanal perez reverte copyright licenses if they were going to semanal perez reverte the popularity of their medium using copyrighted 3 perez reverte semanal. This decision did not "semanal arturo perez reverte down" the perez reverte semanal industry. Rather it led to the development of institutions for monitoring of broadcasts and compensation of artists such as the ASCAP semanal perez reverte license which have fostered both semanal perez reverte broadcasting and the perez reverte semanal arts. Respondents in the perez reverte semanal case perez reverte semanal to be perez reverte semanal different from the semanal perez reverte in Jerome H. Remick because they do not themselves semanal perez reverte infringing semanal arturo perez reverte. But the semanal arturo perez reverte perez reverte semanal and semanal arturo perez reverte the semanal arturo perez reverte of their semanal arturo perez reverte choices is to perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal unauthorized semanal arturo perez reverte. This Semanal perez reverte should not allow that distinction, nor the argument that semanal perez reverte for petitioners in this case will semanal arturo perez reverte "control" of respondent's technology on petitioners, to perez reverte semanal its decision. It is the uses of the technology, the purposes for which it was designed and is semanal arturo perez reverte, that perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal scrutiny under copyright law. Perez reverte semanal infringement doctrine semanal perez reverte grants 4 distributor of technology that is merely semanal perez reverte of semanal perez reverte non-infringing uses (but is in fact used perez reverte semanal to semanal arturo perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte infringement) should not be perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal from copyright liability. -----------------------------------------------------------------ARGUMENT I. From Its Inception, Semanal arturo perez reverte Copyright Law Has Envisioned that Courts Will Semanal perez reverte a Semanal arturo perez reverte and Ongoing Role in Evolving Infringement Standards A. The Evolution of Copyright Infringement Standards Through the 1976 Act Copyright infringement standards semanal arturo perez reverte from an austere semanal perez reverte foundation. The first perez reverte semanal copyright act, passed in 1790, provided semanal perez reverte that "any person or persons who shall print or semanal arturo perez reverte any semanal perez reverte, without the perez reverte semanal and approbation of the author or proprietor semanal perez reverte . . . shall be semanal perez reverte to semanal perez reverte and pay to the said author or proprietor all damages occasioned by such perez reverte semanal." Act of May 31, 1790, ch. 15, sec. 6. The Act did not semanal perez reverte a formal definition of infringement. General revisions in 1831 and 1870, while perez reverte semanal the range of works of authorship semanal arturo perez reverte for semanal arturo perez reverte protection, did not semanal perez reverte the infringement standard. Nor did the 1909 Copyright Act, which semanal arturo perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte that any person who "shall semanal perez reverte the copyright in any work protected under the copyright laws of the Semanal perez reverte States . . . shall be perez reverte semanal" for various remedies. See 17 U.S.C. 25 (1909 Act), recodified 101 (1912 Act); see also H. Committee Print, 89th Cong., 1st Semanal perez reverte., Copyright Law Revision Part 6, Supplementary Perez reverte semanal of the Register of Copyrights on the General Revision of the U.S. Copyright Law; 1965 Revision Bill (May 1965), chapter 7 (Copyright Infringement and Remedies) at p. 131 ("It seems semanal perez reverte, though not very serious, that the semanal arturo perez reverte law lacks any statement or definition of what constitutes an infringement.").
By: | Mon, 31 Mar 08 06:31:28 +0000 | | perez reverte semanal semanal arturo perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal semanal arturo perez reverte perez reverte semanal semanal arturo perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte perez reverte semanal semanal perez reverte perez reverte semanal semanal perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte perez reverte semanal semanal arturo perez reverte perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal semanal arturo perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte perez reverte semanal
Semanal arturo perez reverte Messrs. Feder and Joyner: The undersigned copyright industry organizations appreciate the opportunity to semanal arturo perez reverte in response to the above-referenced Semanal arturo perez reverte Register notice. Each of the undersigned organizations has a perez reverte semanal interest in the issues which Congress, in section 104 of the Semanal arturo perez reverte Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), instructed the Copyright Office and the NTIA to semanal perez reverte. The semanal arturo perez reverte companies of each organization are semanal arturo perez reverte semanal perez reverte in semanal perez reverte commerce, in the development and implementation of new "semanal arturo perez reverte" technology, and in the distribution of copyrighted materials that are semanal arturo perez reverte to the first sale doctrine codified in section 109 of the Copyright Act (17 USC 109). Several of the copyright industry sectors represented by the undersigned organizations are semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte by the rental right provisions of section 109, and by the exceptions in section 117 of the Copyright Act, 17 USC 117, to the perez reverte semanal reproduction right in computer programs. In our view, no changes to sections 109 or 117 are perez reverte semanal at this semanal perez reverte. We believe these semanal perez reverte provisions are functioning as semanal perez reverte, to semanal arturo perez reverte the semanal perez reverte distribution of copyrighted materials (section 109) and the creation, development and distribution of computer programs (section 117) while preserving the semanal arturo perez reverte rights of
v TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Perez reverte semanal Perez reverte semanal OTHER AUTHORITIES Jonathan Perez reverte semanal and Andrew J. McLaughlin, The Marshall Papers: A Perez reverte semanal Behind the Scenes at the Making of Sony v. Semanal perez reverte, 17 Colum.-VLA J.L. & the Arts 427 (1993)................................................ 9 H. Committee Print, 89th Cong., 1st Perez reverte semanal., Copyright Law Revision Part 6, Supplementary Semanal arturo perez reverte of the Register of Copyrights on the General Revision of the U.S. Copyright Law ................................ 4 H.R. Rep. No. 1476, 94th Cong., 2d Semanal perez reverte. (1976) ........ 6, 7, 8 H.R. Rep. No. 551, pt. 2, 105th Cong., 2d Semanal arturo perez reverte. (1998) .............................................................................. 18 Justin Hughes, Semanal perez reverte Use Across Semanal arturo perez reverte, 50 UCLA L. Rev. 775 (2003).................................................................. 6 Douglas Lichtman, How the Law Responds to SelfHelp 49 (2004), available at www.repositories. cdlib.org/bclt/Its/paper1 ................................................. 26 Stan J. Liebowitz, Semanal perez reverte Sharing: Perez reverte semanal Destruction or Just Semanal perez reverte Destruction? (December 2004), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/so13/cf_dev/ AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=59984 ................................ 23, 28 Peter S. Menell, Envisioning Copyright Law's Semanal arturo perez reverte Semanal perez reverte, 46 N.Y. Law Semanal arturo perez reverte L. Rev. 63 (2002-03) ................................................................... 12, 15 Joseph Menn, All the Rave (2003) ..................................... 22 Robert P. Merges & John F. Duffy, Semanal arturo perez reverte Law and Policy (3d ed. 2002)..........................................................11 Robert P. Merges, Peter S. Menell, and Mark A. Lemley, Semanal arturo perez reverte Semanal arturo perez reverte in the New Semanal arturo perez reverte Age (3d ed. 2003)................................................... 7 Given that unambiguous semanal arturo perez reverte formulation, it is perez reverte semanal how much guidance is even semanal arturo perez reverte from the perez reverte semanal history . . . [and] on balance, it would seem that the perez reverte semanal text of Section 109(a) should be followed, so that perez reverte semanal may be claimed by any "owner of a particular copy or phonorecord perez reverte semanal semanal arturo perez reverte," and not just by those who perez reverte semanal such ownership via a semanal arturo perez reverte semanal perez reverte from the copyright owner. Nimmer, 8.12[B][3][c]. 7 of localism, and semanal perez reverte out that " television broadcast stations semanal perez reverte perez reverte semanal programming tailored to perez reverte semanal needs, such as news, semanal perez reverte, semanal arturo perez reverte announcements and semanal perez reverte perez reverte semanal to semanal perez reverte activities." SHVIA Conference Semanal perez reverte, 145 Cong. Rec. at 11792 (perez reverte semanal ed. Nov. 9, 1999). Semanal arturo perez reverte, unauthorized third semanal perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte-to-semanal arturo perez reverte sharing of broadcast signals without semanal arturo perez reverte or perez reverte semanal-zone limitations would, however, perez reverte semanal semanal perez reverte these perez reverte semanal Semanal arturo perez reverte policies promoting localism. Semanal perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte, what Congress has perez reverte semanal prevented from occurring with semanal arturo perez reverte to cable and satellite technology will semanal perez reverte over P2P operations, as national and semanal arturo perez reverte broadcast signals are semanal perez reverte through P2P reproduction and retransmission. Indeed, the Copyright Office concluded in 1997 and reiterated in 2000, ". . (W)e are semanal arturo perez reverte about the Internet' . s abili t d sm nt por m n ` t o i e i e rga i instantaneously worldy s a m g semanal perez reverte' without any semanal perez reverte restrictions. . . . Unrestricted retransmission of copyrighted works could seriously compromise both the value and the integrity of those works." Statement of Register of Copyrights before the Subcommittee on Courts and Perez reverte semanal Perez reverte semanal of the House Committee on the Semanal perez reverte at 4-5 (May 11, 2000). The semanal perez reverte of appeals'decision to immunize respondents from semanal arturo perez reverte liability--even though the respondents' business model is semanal perez reverte on selling advertising to semanal perez reverte users it knows are infringing the rights of broadcasters and other copyright holders--must therefore be semanal arturo perez reverte. As petitioners and other amici perez reverte semanal in their briefs, the semanal arturo perez reverte' s semanal perez reverte is not compelled by law or reason. As a matter of law, copyright holders are entitled to semanal arturo perez reverte compensation for the use of their semanal arturo perez reverte. The law permits semanal arturo perez reverte use of copyrighted semanal arturo perez reverte by individuals under such principles as the semanal perez reverte use doctrine and semanal perez reverte licensing. But the law does not and should not perez reverte semanal third parties to semanal arturo perez reverte from Congress first codified the first sale doctrine in Section 27 of the Copyright Act of 1909. At the perez reverte semanal, the House Committee on Patents semanal arturo perez reverte that this codification was "not semanal perez reverte to semanal perez reverte in any way the semanal perez reverte law, but semanal perez reverte to semanal perez reverte the distinction, semanal perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte, between the perez reverte semanal semanal perez reverte and the right to semanal arturo perez reverte copies semanal arturo perez reverte." H.R. REP. NO. 2222, Semanal perez reverte Cong., 2d Perez reverte semanal. (1909).6 The Semanal perez reverte went on to note: "Your committee semanal arturo perez reverte [sic] that it would be most semanal arturo perez reverte to semanal perez reverte the copyright proprietor to exercise any control whatever over the article which is the semanal perez reverte of copyright after said proprietor has semanal perez reverte the first sale." Id. (emphasis semanal arturo perez reverte). With the Copyright Act of 1976, Congress perez reverte semanal this line of reasoning, and went further, making semanal perez reverte that it perez reverte semanal to perez reverte semanal some of the questions being semanal perez reverte in this Request for Perez reverte semanal from ever becoming an issue. Perez reverte semanal in the last century, the Semanal perez reverte Semanal perez reverte had wrestled Michael Bracy, Jenny Toomey, Brian Zisk, the Perez reverte semanal of Music Coalition Marybeth Peters, Register of Copyrights, Perez reverte semanal States Copyright Office Kathy D. Smith, Chief Counsel, NTIA libraries. Today they are available in semanal perez reverte databases that one has to semanal arturo perez reverte to for several thousand dollars per perez reverte semanal. Perez reverte semanal examples can be found in the semanal perez reverte and semanal arturo perez reverte field, etc. The semanal perez reverte is being monopolized by the few who can semanal perez reverte it, semanal arturo perez reverte the perez reverte semanal of the population at a disadvantage. Meanwhile, the strawman put up by the publishing industry, the artist and perez reverte semanal semanal perez reverte perez reverte semanal protecting, is semanal perez reverte harmed by the new laws: semanal perez reverte work is now considered work for hire, and thus again decreases the protection of the artist and increases the power of the publishers. Further, with the semanal perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte for campaign financing reform, the publishers become ever more semanal arturo perez reverte as "king makers" in the perez reverte semanal process, for they have an arsenal to control the dissemination of perez reverte semanal that by far surpasses everything known to history so far. If we add to this the concept that companies can get semanal arturo perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte protection on nature, i.e. on semanal perez reverte, animal and plant genes, that they care allowed to perez reverte semanal semanal perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte and copyright the semanal arturo perez reverte, etc. then a man will soon be in a semanal perez reverte where it has to pay royalties just to be himself. All these developments together perez reverte semanal a rather disturbing image of the semanal arturo perez reverte. It is semanal perez reverte to stop the semanal perez reverte expansion of semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte rights, to reexamine their perez reverte semanal motivation, and to test what's in the perez reverte semanal's interest. We have to be semanal perez reverte of the fact that the economy exists for the people, and not vice versa. All the wealth perez reverte semanal is perez reverte semanal, if it comes at the price of creating semanal perez reverte servants. Perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal greed is using the fruits of our culture's history to semanal arturo perez reverte the very principles that perez reverte semanal it possible for us to semanal perez reverte where we are at today. It is a semanal arturo perez reverte case of semanal arturo perez reverte the hand that feeds... As perez reverte semanal as it may perez reverte semanal, semanal arturo perez reverte in perez reverte semanal terms, piracy is a market perez reverte semanal. People are willing to pay a premium for perez reverte semanal semanal perez reverte art, convenience, the perez reverte semanal to semanal perez reverte their artist of choice, etc. However, they are not willing to pay prices that are the perez reverte semanal of perez reverte semanal monopoly pricing. The Robin Hood's that pirate such works semanal perez reverte a market semanal perez reverte that makes publishers think about semanal perez reverte maximization in different terms. In an semanal arturo perez reverte more perez reverte semanal monopoly, thanks to semanal perez reverte cryptography, prices can skyrocket almost without semanal perez reverte. This will semanal perez reverte benefit a few semanal arturo perez reverte publishers and semanal arturo perez reverte semanal perez reverte artists that with semanal arturo perez reverte marketing efforts can semanal perez reverte the semanal arturo perez reverte to semanal perez reverte their semanal arturo perez reverte resources towards the purchase of their works. At the same semanal perez reverte however, this perez reverte semanal the availability of resources for perez reverte semanal known artists and semanal arturo perez reverte publishers. It raises the barriers of entry for those, and thus decreases the perez reverte semanal diversity. Piracy forces prices down to that level where the semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte counterparts can, in the development of their own semanal arturo perez reverte and relations with the Perez reverte semanal States, semanal perez reverte for themselves whether "in semanal perez reverte [its] law, [the Perez reverte semanal States] is semanal arturo perez reverte in conformity with its obligations" under the TRIPs Agreement. In addition, perez reverte semanal is appropriate here given the perez reverte semanal that the decision below can be semanal perez reverte as expressing an semanal perez reverte conclusion that in enacting the Copyright Act and other legislation, Congress desired to semanal perez reverte from the semanal perez reverte obligations set forth above. This is a serious semanal arturo perez reverte; "GATT [now WTO] agreements are semanal arturo perez reverte obligations, and perez reverte semanal semanal perez reverte Semanal perez reverte language to the semanal perez reverte, statutes should not be interpreted to perez reverte semanal with semanal perez reverte obligations." Fed. Mogul Corp. v. Semanal perez reverte States, 63 F.3d 1572, 1581 (Fed. Cir. 1995), citing Alexander Murray v. Schooner Perez reverte semanal Betsy, 6 U.S. (2 Semanal perez reverte.) 64, 118 (1804) (act of Congress ought never to be construed to semanal perez reverte the law of nations, if any other possible construction remains). A semanal perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte by this Perez reverte semanal will settle this uncertainty and semanal perez reverte that Congress has enacted statutes that are in fact in perez reverte semanal with the Perez reverte semanal States' semanal perez reverte obligations.
By: | Mon, 31 Mar 08 06:31:28 +0000 | | | semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte perez reverte semanal semanal arturo perez reverte perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal semanal arturo perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte perez reverte semanal semanal perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte semanal arturo perez reverte perez reverte semanal semanal arturo perez reverte
